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A fast-paced narrative that discovers a surprising perspective on World War II: Nazi Germany’s all-consuming reliance on drugs
The Nazi regime preached an ideology of physical, mental, and moral purity. But as Norman Ohler reveals in this gripping new history, the Third Reich was saturated with drugs. On the eve of World War II, Germany was a pharmaceutical powerhouse, and companies such as Merck and Bayer cooked up cocaine, opiates, and, most of all, methamphetamines, to be consumed by everyone from factory workers to housewives to millions of German soldiers. In fact, troops regularly took rations of a form of crystal meth—the elevated energy and feelings of invincibility associated with the high even help to explain certain German military victories.��Drugs seeped all the way up to the Nazi high command and, especially, to Hitler himself. Over the course of the war, Hitler became increasingly dependent on injections of a cocktail of drugs—including a form of heroin—administered by his personal doctor. While drugs alone cannot explain the Nazis’ toxic racial theories or the events of World War II, Ohler’s investigation makes an overwhelming case that, if drugs are not taken into account, our understanding of the Third Reich is fundamentally incomplete.��Carefully researched and rivetingly readable, Blitzed throws surprising light on a history that, until now, has remained in the shadows.
- Sales Rank: #2752 in Books
- Published on: 2017-03-07
- Released on: 2017-03-07
- Original language: English
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 1.02" w x 6.00" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 304 pages
Review
"Ohler's astonishing account of methamphetamine addiction in the Third Reich changes what we know about the Second World War ... Blitzed looks set to reframe the way certain aspects of the Third Reich will be viewed in the future." — Guardian
"Blitzed tells the remarkable story of how Nazi Germany slid towards junkie-state status. It is an energetic ... account of an accelerating, modernizing society, an ambitious pharmaceuticals industry, a military machine that was looking for ways to create an unbeatable soldier, and a dictator who couldn't function without fixes from his quack ... It has an uncanny ability to disturb." — Times (UK)
"A huge contribution ... Remarkable." —Antony Beevor, BBC 4 Today
"The picture [Ohler] paints is both a powerful and an extreme one ... Gripping reading." — Times Literary Supplement
"A fascinating, most extraordinary revelation." — BBC World News
“Blitzed tells a deliriously druggy tale of the Third Reich.” — Paris Review
"Absorbing ... Makes the convincing argument that the Nazis' use of chemical stimulants ... played a crucial role in the successes, and failures, of the Third Reich." —Esquire
"An audacious, compelling read." — Stern (Germany)
"Bursting with interesting facts." — Vice
"Very good and extremely interesting — a serious piece of scholarship very well-researched ... There have, of course, been other books that already argued that Hitler was effectively a drug addict at the hands of Dr Morell's pills and injections of amphetamines and other drugs. But Ohler takes the argument, to my mind, further and more convincingly." — Ian Kershaw, author of To Hell and Back and The End
About the Author
Norman Ohler is an award-winning German novelist, screenwriter, and journalist. He spent five years researching�Blitzed�in numerous archives in Germany and the United States, and spoke to eye-witnesses, military historians, and doctors. He is also the author of the novels�Die Quotenmaschine�(the world’s first hypertext novel),�Mitte�and�Stadt des Goldes�(translated into English as�Ponte City). He was co-writer of the script for Wim Wenders’ film Palermo Shooting.
Shaun Whiteside has translated widely in both French and German, including Sybille Steinbacher's Auschwitz: A History.
Most helpful customer reviews
14 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
Read it like a novel
By Phelps Gates
Ohler is a journalist rather than a historian, and this turns out to be the source of both the positive and the negative aspects of the book. He writes in a breezy and highly readable style, keeping us glued to his text even when he's dealing with technical matters. His prose is vivid and often waxes poetic, though it must be said that his descriptions sometimes seem more a product of imagination than research: "Those bright blue eyes, once so hypnotic, were now dull. Crumbs stuck to his lips."
About half the book deals with the use of stimulants in the German military. He feels that the surprising success of the 1940 Ardennes offensive was due in large part to methamphetamine distributed to the troops, and many historians would agree. At times he may be going a bit too far though, such as in finding a pharmacological reason for the famous stop-order at Dunkirk, attributing it to G�ring's opiate addiction. And it might have been appropriate to put military drug use in context: this was not a German monopoly but was common in British and other armies at the time, and still is today (more cautiously, let us hope).
The other half of the book is about "Patient A," aka Adolf Hitler. In recent years, historians have debunked the old idea that his doctor was keeping Hitler doped up on a variety of noxious substances, especially narcotics. See the excellent book Was Hitler Ill, by Eberle and Neumann.Was Hitler ILL?: A Final Diagnosis But Ohler goes back to the old view, imagining Dr. Morell giving him almost daily injections of Eukodal (an opioid similar to todays Oxycontin). The evidence for this is dubious at best, based on often illegible records, which often refer to injections of "x" which Ohler thinks was Eukodal. And Ohler claims that Hitler's decline in 1945 was due to the Eukodal supply running out on January 2 of that year, resulting in withdrawal symptoms. This seems scarcely credible. Yes, the German pharmaceutical industry was in bad shape, but when G�ring was captured he had a supply of 24,000 doses of opioids, and it's hard to believe that the Fuhrer himself would have been reduced to cold turkey withdrawal.
Summary: a well-written book, but don't believe everything you read.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
The previously untold story of the extent to which Nazi Germany was fueled by drugs
By Michael J. Edelman
Modern inorganic chemistry had its birth in Germany in the early 20th Century. Much of this was motivated by the needs of the First World War. Blocked by the Allies, and unable to import needed supplies for the pharmaceutical and armaments industries, German chemists set to work synthesizing the missing compounds.
Cut off from Chilean deposits of sodium nitrate needed to make explosives, German scientists worked on a way of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, available from the atmosphere, into a compound that could be used as an industrial feedstuff. In 1910, Fritz Haber developed the process named after him for producing ammonia (NH3), and Germany was again able to make explosives.
German scientists also pioneered the making of synthetic fuels from coal during WWI, although this was not as important a factor in the war as it was to be a few decades later, in WWII, when Germany needed millions of gallons of fuel to power the mechanized Wermacht and the Luftwaffe.
In the world of medicine, German scientists developed diamorphine, later trademarked as Heroin. Several times as potent as morphine, Heroin was widely used to treat wounded soldiers, and became a popular over the counter drug as well. After the war, it became a popular drug in the civilian market as well, with people using it not just for pain relief, but for relief from the poverty and depression of the Weimar era. It was estimated that 40% of all medical doctors were addicted to it.
This changed with the rise of the Nazis, who instituted a severe program of control of drug addiction and addicts- at least those addicts who lacked access to power. Being addicted was associated with the Jews, who the Nazis attempted to portray as being responsible for drug use. Wiping out either was wiping out both. Addicts were first treated, then imprisoned, and eventually executed during the war.
But not all drug use was looked down upon. Popular writers have discussed the use of stimulants like benzedrine by German soldiers, and much has been written and speculated about drug use by Hitler and his close associates. Goering was said to be strongly addicted to opiates, and Hitler was constantly attended to by a quack physician who was constantly injecting him with vitamins and stimulants, swabbing his gums with cocaine and administering other drugs.
Most notorious of all, though, was the use of Zyklon B, a compound that, on exposure to water, releases deadly hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas. Originally developed as an insecticide for use in delousing clothes and similar applications, it gained its notoriety at Auschwitz, where it was used to kill over a million prisoners- mostly Jews.
But one drug stood out over all the others in its use in Nazi Germany, and it’s a drug that most people, and probably most historians, are unaware of. It was called Pervitin, and it was used by soldiers, office workers, industrial workers, housewives- in fact by pretty much the entire German population. It was sold as a remedy for depression, for tiredness, for those needing a bit of pep, students needing to concentrate on their studies, and every other imaginable use. You could even buy chocolates with the active compound in them.
That active ingredient was yet another product of the inventiveness of the earth 20thC German chemical industry, first discovered in 1893, termed N-methylamphetamine, better known today as methamphetamine, or simply meth. The same product being cooked up in trailers and warehouses by criminals today was once the most popular over the counter drug in Nazi-era Germany.
German phamecutical inventiveness of that era wasn’t just limited to Heroin and Pertivin. There was also Eukodal, a powerful synthetic narcotic that Dr. Morrell regularly injected into the declining Hitler, along with an ever increasing range of stimulants, tranquilizers, and painkillers. It’s still around today, under the name Oxycodon- one of the most dangerous and abused of the modern synthetic narcotics.
It was the stimulants like Pertivin, though, that probably played the largest role in the Nazi war machine. The Wehrmacht used them to allow soldiers to fight for extend periods and to get injured soldiers back on the line. Ordinary soldiers obtained their own supplies from family back home- letters from writer Henrich B�ll, quoted here, describe a near-constant series of requests letters to home, pleading for more Pertivan to help him deal with the stress and physical demands of the war.
Author Ohler has delved deep into wartime archives and other records to discover a wealth of new information on just how deeply the third reich was dependent on the pharmaceutical industry. His narrative is built around two threads: The increasing demand for, and use of, drugs by the military, and the decline of an increasingly addicted and drugged Hitler at the hands of his personal physician Morrell. The result is a narrative at once fascinating, compelling, and shocking. This is a story that has not previously been told in such depth, and that makes it a must-read for students of WWII.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Badly Broken
By Warren Rachele
A quote summarizes the delusional hypocrisy of Hitler and the majority of the Third Reich: “ The higher a man rises the more he has to be able to abstain…” While it is possible that this proclamation was recorded before he sunk into the degenerate state that the end of the war found him in, Hitler’s tendency toward megalomania and a false reality was magnified and later fueled by an ongoing cocktail of narcotics. Ohler reports that much of the Wehrmacht was equally driven by the false bravado of methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin and other products of the German pharmaceutical industry, a fact that should detract from the accounts of bravery and war fighting prowess that occasionally make their way into the record.
Ohler traces much of the narrative of Hitler’s physical and psychological descent through the interactions with his personal doctor, Dr. Morell. The doctor is not just a ‘true believer’ in the National Socialist ideology, Morell is more of an opportunist rat seeking out financial enrichment through whatever corrupt avenue presents itself. As portrayed, it is easy to see why he would be so willing to concoct ever more potent mixtures to prop up Patient A, even though he must have been aware of the failing nature of the war.
Ohler contributes an enlightening insight to the extensive corpus on Hitler and World War II. The use of narcotics by Japanese Kamikaze and amphetamine support for the British air war is well documented, but this drug abuse has remained unknown to me up to this point. This revelation brings up a question for lengthy philosophical discussion: can the German soldiers be ethically responsible for prosecuting the horrors of their war on humanity given their chemically altered state? Discuss.
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